Lepra: doença, isolamento e segregação no contexto colonial em Moçambique / Leprosy: disease, isolation, and segregation in colonial Mozambique

Resumo A partir de documentação produzida entre a primeira metade do século XIX e a primeira metade do século XX, prioritariamente relatórios médicos, o artigo aponta as concepções vigentes na comunidade médica colonial e entre as populações locais sobre a lepra, suas manifestações e seu enfrentamento. Enfoca as tensões quanto à prática de segregação dos leprosos e suas implicações sanitárias e sociais. Para compreender as raízes dos discursos e estratégias no meio médico português e colonial, recupera-se a trajetória das definições de isolamento, segregação, lepra e suas aplicações, ou ausência de referência, na literatura de missionários, cronistas e médicos em Angola e Moçambique a partir da segunda metade do século XVII.

Abstract Drawing on documents produced between the early nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, mainly medical reports, this paper indicates the prevailing conceptions in the colonial medical community and local populations about leprosy, its manifestations, and how to deal with it. It focuses on the tensions concerning the practice of segregating lepers and its social and sanitation implications. To comprehend the roots of the discourses and strategies in the Portuguese and colonial medical environment, the trajectory of the definitions of isolation, segregation, and leprosy are traced, as are their use in or absence from the writings of missionaries, chroniclers, and doctors in Angola and Mozambique as of the second half of the seventeenth century.

A Study on the Awareness of Chinese Medicine by Medical Missionaries: Focused on The China Medical Missionary Journal (1887-1932) / 의사학

Protestant medical missionaries, who started entering China during the beginning of the 19th century, set the goal as propagating Western medicine to the Chinese while spreading the Christian gospel. Back in those days, China formed deep relations with their own ideology and culture and depended on Chinese medicine that caused major influence on their lives instead of just treatment behaviors. Accordingly, it is natural to see information about Chinese medicine in documents that were left behind. Yet, there are not many studies which dealt with the awareness of Chinese medicine by medical missionaries, and most were focused on the criticism imposed by medical missionaries regarding Chinese medicine. Thus, there are also claims amongst recent studies which impose how the medical missionaries moved from overlooking and criticizing Chinese medicine to gaining a "sympathetic viewpoint" to a certain degree. Still, when the documents left behind by medical missionaries is observed, there are many aspects which support how the awareness of Chinese medicine in medical missionaries has not changed significantly. In addition, medical missionaries actively used medicine like traditional Chinese drugs if the treatment effect was well known. Yet, they barely gave any interest to the five elements, which are the basics of traditional Chinese drugs prescription. In other words, medical missionaries only selected elements of Chinese medicine that were helpful to them just like how the Chinese were choosing what they needed from Western knowledge. The need to understand Chinese medicine was growing according to the flow of times. For instance, some medical missionaries admitted the treatment effect of acupuncture in contrast to claiming it as non-scientific in the past. Such changes were also related to how focused medical missionaries were on medical activities. The first medical missionaries emphasized the non-scientific aspect of Chinese medicine to verify the legitimacy of medical mission. Then, medical missionaries gradually exerted more efforts on medical treatment than direct mission activities so the need of Chinese medicine became greater. This was because Chinese relied on Chinese medicine the most and even used Chinese medicine terms that they knew to explain their conditions while getting treatment from doctors who learned Western medicine. Additionally, medicine missionaries witnessed patients getting better after receiving treatment so they could not completely overlook Chinese medicine. However, medical missionaries strongly believed in the superiority of Western medicine and considered that China certainly needed Western medicine from a scientific perspective. Chinese doctors who were close to medical missionaries and learned about Western medicine believed in Western medicine and thought that Chinese medicine only held historical value besides some fields like Chinese traditional drugs.

A abordagem historiográfica dos séculos XIX e XX sobre a atuação de médicos e boticários jesuítas na América platina no século XVIII / The historiographical approach taken in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to the work of Jesuit doctors and apothecaries in the a Plata region in the eighteenth century

Analisam-se as posições de Pedro Arata, Moisés Santiago Bertoni, Carlos Leonhardt e Guillermo Furlong no debate sobre o papel da Companhia de Jesus na introdução e no desenvolvimento das ciências na América platina. Escritas entre 1890 e fins de 1950, as obras desses autores tanto analisam o conhecimento médico, farmacêutico e botânico dos missionários jesuítas nos séculos XVII e XVIII quanto avaliam a contribuição da Companhia para o pensamento científico nos países de colonização ibérica. Suas posições antecipam o debate historiográfico sobre o reacionarismo da ordem jesuíta e as reflexões sobre a contribuição dos saberes indígenas sobre a farmacopeia americana para o conhecimento que os missionários levaram aos continentes em que atuaram.

The positions of Pedro Arata, Moisés Santiago Bertoni, Carlos Leonhardt and Guillermo Furlong in the debate about the role of the Society of Jesus in the introduction and development of science in the La Plata region are investigated. Written between 1890 and the late 1950s, these authors’ works not only analyze the medical, pharmaceutical and botanical knowledge of the Jesuit missionaries in the 1600s and 1700s, but also evaluate their contribution to scientific thinking in the countries colonized by Spain and Portugal. Their positions foretaste the historiographical debate about the reactionary nature of the Jesuit order and reflections about the contribution made by indigenous knowledge of American pharmacopeia to the knowledge the missionaries took to the continents where they were active.